Anatomy & Physiology II Course Outline
Unit 1.1 : What is the Endocrine System?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
- What are the glands of the endocrine system?
Unit 1.2 : What are hormones and glands?
Concepts Covered:
- What are some different types of hormones?
- How do hydrophobic and hydrophilic hormones behave?
- How are hormones regulated?
- What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
- What is the thyroid gland?
- What are the adrenal glands?
- What is the pineal gland?
- What are gonadal and placental hormones?
- What is the pancreas?
Unit 1.3 : What organs have secondary endocrine function, and what problems can occur?
Concepts Covered:
- What specific organs have secondary endocrine function?
- What problems can occur due to an abnormal endocrine system?
Unit 1.4 : What is blood?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the functions and characteristics of blood?
- What are the principle components of blood?
- How are formed elements produced?
Unit 1.5 : What are erythrocytes?
Concepts Covered:
- What does an erythrocyte look like?
- What is hemoglobin?
- What is the lifecycle of an erythrocyte?
- What are some disorders that arise from abnormal erythrocytes?
Unit 1.6 : What are leukocytes?
Concepts Covered:
- What is emigration, and how does it occur?
- What are the classifications of leukocytes?
- What is the lifecycle of a leukocyte?
- What are some disorders that arise from abnormal leukocytes?
Unit 1.7 : What are platelets?
Concepts Covered:
- What are some disorders that arise from abnormal platelets?
- Can you identify the formed elements?
- What is hemostasis?
Unit 1.8 : What is blood typing?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the ABO and Rh blood group?
- How do you determine ABO blood type?
- What are the clinical connections to hemostasis and types of blood disorders?
Unit 2.1 : What is the heart?
Concepts Covered:
- Where is the heart located?
- How is the heart setup?
- How does the heart circulate blood?
- What path does blood take in the heart?
- What is myocardial movement?
- How does a heart valve work?
- What is coronary circulation?
Unit 2.2 : What is cardiac muscle, and how does the electrical conduction system work?
Concepts Covered:
- What is a cardiac muscle?
- How does the electrical conduction system work?
- How are membrane potentials and ion movement related?
- How do you analyze a ECG?
Unit 2.3 : What is the cardiac cycle?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?
- What should a heart sound like?
- What is the Wiggers Diagram?
Unit 2.4 : What is Cardiac Physiology?
Concepts Covered:
- How are cardiac output and heart rate related?
- What is a cardiovascular center?
- What other factors influence heart rate?
- What factors influence stroke volume?
Unit 2.5 : What are conditions of the heart and their clinical connections?
Concepts Covered:
- What is CPR?
- What are some clinical connections to heart problems?
- What are some common disease and abnormalities of the heart?
Unit 2.6 : What are blood vessels?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the structure and function of blood vessels?
- What are arteries and capillaries?
- What are veins and metarterioles?
Unit 2.7 : What is blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance?
Concepts Covered:
- What components make up arterial blood pressure?
- How do you calculate blood flow?
- What variables affect blood flow and blood pressure?
- What are the skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump?
- How do hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure interact?
Unit 2.8 : How is the vascular system regulated?
Concepts Covered:
- How does neural regulation impact vascular homeostasis?
- How does endocrine regulation impact vascular hemeostasis?
- How does autoregulation work?
- How does exercise affect vascular homeostasis?
Unit 2.9 : What circulatory pathways exist in the body?
Concepts Covered:
- What is pulmonary circulation?
- What is systematic circulation?
- What is coronary circulation?
- What are the thoracic aorta’s major branches?
- What are the abdominal aorta’s major branches?
- What arteries serve the upper limbs?
- What arteries serve the lower limbs?
- What are systemic veins?
- What is the superior vena cava?
- What are the veins of the head and neck?
- What veins drain the upper limbs?
- What is the inferior vena cava?
- What veins drain the lower limbs?
- What is the hepatic portal system?
Unit 2.10 : How do blood vessels develop?
Concepts Covered:
- What is fetal circulation?
Unit 2.11 : What disorders are associated with the vascular system?
Concepts Covered:
- What is Edema?
- What are some disorders that arise from an abnormal vascular system?
- What is circulatory shock?
Unit 2.12 : What is the lymphatic system?
Concepts Covered:
- When does the lymphatic system act?
- What are the primary lymphoid organs?
- What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
- How is the lymph formed?
Unit 2.13 : What is the immune system?
Concepts Covered:
- What is innate immunity?
- How does the complement system operate?
- What is inflammation?
Unit 2.14 : How does adaptive immunity work?
Concepts Covered:
- How does the body make T and B cells?
- How do T lymphocytes recognize cells?
- How do B cells create immunoglobulins?
- What is mediated immunity?
Unit 2.15 : What are the types of immune responses and disorders?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the types of immune response?
- What are some common immune disorders?
Unit 3.1 : What is the respiratory system?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the respiratory system setup?
- What role does the nose play in the conducting zone?
- What role does the pharynx play in the conducting zone?
- What role does the larynx play in the conducting zone?
- What role do the trachea and bronchial tree play in the conducting zone?
- What is the respiratory zone?
- What role do the lungs play in the respiratory system?
- What is the pleura of the lungs?
Unit 3.2 : How do we breathe?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the process of breathing?
- How does pulmonary ventilation work?
- What are the two major steps of pulmonary ventilation?
- What is respiratory volume and capacity?
- How do you control ventilation?
- What factors affect the respiratory centers?
Unit 3.3 : How does gas exchange and transportation work?
Concepts Covered:
- What is Dalton’s Law?
- What is Henry’s Law?
- What is ventilation and perfusion?
- What role do oxygen and hemoglobin play?
- What role does carbon dioxide play?
Unit 3.4 : How does the respiratory system develop?
Concepts Covered:
- What steps occur in respiratory development?
Unit 3.5 : What are some common disruptions and disorders of the respiratory system?
Concepts Covered:
- What are some disorders that arise from abnormal conditions?
- What are some other disorders of the respiratory system?
Unit 3.6 : What is the digestive system?
Concepts Covered:
- What parts make up the digestive system?
- What is the alimentary canal?
- What is the peritoneum?
- What are the basic processes of the digestive system?
- What functions do the organs play in the digestive system?
Unit 3.7 : What role do the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus play in the digestive system?
Concepts Covered:
- What components make up the mouth?
- What components make up the tongue?
- What are the salivary glands?
- What role do the teeth play in the digestive system?
- What role does the pharynx play in the digestive system?
- What role does the esophagus play in the digestive system?
- What is deglutition?
Unit 3.8 : What role does the stomach play in the digestive system?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the regions of the stomach?
- What adaptations does the stomach wall have?
- What are the digestive functions of the stomach?
Unit 3.9 : What role do the small and large intestines play in the digestive system?
Concepts Covered:
- What makes up the small intestine?
- What unique features does the small intestine wall have?
- What are mechanical and chemical digestion in the small intestine?
- What makes up the large intestine?
- What unique features does the large intestine wall have?
- What are mechanical and chemical digestion in the large intestine?
Unit 3.10 : What accessory organs are involved in the digestive system?
Concepts Covered:
- What role does the liver play in digestion?
- What role does the pancreas play in digestion?
- What role does the gallbladder play in digestion?
Unit 3.11 : How do chemical digestion and absorption work?
Concepts Covered:
- What digestive enzymes are involved in digestion?
- How does carbohydrate digestion work?
- How does protein digestion work?
- How do lipid digestion and nucleic acid digestion work?
- How does absorption work?
- What are the types of absorption?
Unit 3.12 : How is the digestive system regulated, and what problems can occur?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the phases of gastric secretion?
- What are the types of regulatory mechanisms for the digestive system?
- What are some disorders of the digestive system?
Unit 3.13 : What is the metabolism?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the metabolic reactions?
- What are catabolic and anabolic reactions?
- What hormones regulate the metabolism?
- What are Oxidation-Reduction Reactions?
Unit 3.14 : How does cellular respiration work?
Concepts Covered:
- How are carbohydrate metabolism and cellular respiration related?
- What is glycolysis?
- What are the differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
- What is the Krebs Cycle?
- What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Unit 3.15 : How does lipid metabolism work?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the major steps in lipid metabolism?
- What is lipolysis?
- What is ketogenesis?
- What is lipogenesis?
Unit 3.16 : How does protein metabolism work?
Concepts Covered:
- What are the major steps in protein metabolism?
- What is the urea cycle?
- How are amino acids used as an energy source?
Unit 3.17 : What are the metabolic states of the body?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the absorptive state?
- What is the postabsorptive state?
- What happens during starvation?
- What is thermoregulation?
- How does heat exchange occur?
- What is the body’s metabolic rate?
Unit 3.18 : What are nutrition and diet?
Concepts Covered:
- What is a calorie?
- What are vitamins?
- What are minerals?
Unit 3.19 : What disorders are associated with the metabolism?
Concepts Covered:
- What are some examples of metabolism disorders?
Unit 4.1 : What is the urinary system?
Concepts Covered:
- What is a general overview of the urinary system?
- What components make up the urinary system?
- What is the internal anatomy of the kidney?
- What is the micturition reflex?
Unit 4.2 : How do blood, filtrate, and urine flow through their respective systems?
Concepts Covered:
- How does blood flow through the kidney?
- How does filtrate flow through the kidney?
- How does urine flow through the kidney?
Unit 4.3 : What is the importance of nephron physiology?
Concepts Covered:
- What type of filtration occurs at the renal corpuscle?
- What is the glomerular filtration rate?
- How is suitable rate flow maintained?
- How do secretion and reabsorption occur?
- What substances are reabsorbed or secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule?
- What substances are reabsorbed or secreted in the Loop of Henle?
- What substances are reabsorbed or secreted in the Distal Convoluted Tubule?
- How is fluid volume and composition maintained?
- What are the characteristics of urine?
Unit 4.4 : What are the disorders of the urinary system?
Concepts Covered:
- What are some common urinary system disorders?
Unit 4.5 : How is fluid and electrolyte homeostasis achieved?
Concepts Covered:
- How does osmosis work to maintain homeostasis?
- What is a fluid compartment?
- What is the composition of body fluids?
- How does fluid move between compartments?
- How does solute move between compartments?
Unit 4.6 : How is acid and base homeostasis achieved?
Concepts Covered:
- What is water intake and output regulated?
- What is the role of ADH in water regulation?
- What are the most important electrolytes to keep balanced?
- How are sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate levels regulated?
- How does acid-base balance work?
- How does the respiratory system regulated acid-base balance?
- How does renal regulation of acid-base balance work?
Unit 4.7 : What disorders are associated with fluid imbalance?
Concepts Covered:
- What is Edema?
- What disorders are associated with acid-base imbalance?
- What is ketoacidosis?
Unit 5.1 : What is the anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the overview of the male reproductive systems?
- What is the process of spermatogenesis?
- How is sperm structured?
- What glands are related with the male reproductive system?
- What is the penis?
- What are different types of hormonal control in the male reproductive system?
Unit 5.2 : What is the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system?
Concepts Covered:
- What is the overview of the female reproductive systems?
- What takes place in the process of Oogenesis?
- What are different types of hormonal control in the female reproductive system?
- What are the uterine tubes?
- What happens in the menstrual cycle?
- What are the breasts?
Unit 5.3 : What are differences in the developments of male and female reproductive systems?
Concepts Covered:
- What happens in the development of the female and male reproductive systems?
- What types of sexual development occurs during puberty?
Unit 5.4 : What effects does aging and disorders have on the reproductive system?
Concepts Covered:
- What happens with the reproductive system when aging and disorders occur?
Unit 5.5 : How does the fertilization process make a fetus?
Concepts Covered:
- How is a fetus made?
- What happens during the pre-implantation stage of embryonic development?
- What are the embryonic membranes?
- How does the placenta develop?
- What is organogenesis?
- What happens during fetal development?
Unit 5.6 : What happens during pregnancy and labor?
Concepts Covered:
- How are hormones affected during and after pregnancy?
- What anatomical changes occur in a mother during pregnancy?
- What physiological changes occur in a mother during pregnancy?
- What happens during the 3 stages of labor?
- What adjustments are made through pregnancy?
Unit 5.7 : What happens in lactation?
Concepts Covered:
- What is lactation?
- What types of changes happen in the composition of breast milk?
Unit 5.8 : What types of diagnostics and disorders are associated with development?
Concepts Covered:
- What happens during the in vitro fertilization?
- What happens during fetal ultrasonography, amniocentesis, and chorionic villi sampling?
- What disorders are associated with embryonic, fetal, and infant development?
Unit 5.9 : What are genetics and heredity?
Concepts Covered:
- What is genetics and heredity?
- What is autosomal dominant inheritance?
- What is incomplete dominance and codominance?
- What are sex chromosomes?
- What diseases and disorders happens with heredity?
